Blog: Building Performance Policy Brief

Every six months, we'll be adding a new post with the latest updates on building performance policies and trends around the country—focusing on what building owners and service providers need to know.

Policy Brief: January 2023

In this issue, we’re looking back at what happened in 2022.

Recent Building Performance Policies

Here’s a summary of jurisdictions that passed existing building performance policies in 2022. These seven new policies mean that there are nearly 50 jurisdictions in the United States with some form of a building performance policy.

Jurisdiction	Policy Type	Coverage at Full Maturity
Aspen, CO	Benchmarking & Disclosure and Building Performance Standards	Commercial ≥ 5k ft² Multifamily ≥ 15k ft²
Chelsea, MA	Benchmarking & Disclosure	Commercial ≥ 20 ft² Multifamily ≥ 20 units
Honolulu, HI	Benchmarking & Disclosure	Commercial & multifamily ≥ 25k ft²
Lexington, MA	Benchmarking & Disclosure	Commercial & multifamily ≥ 25k ft²
Maryland	Benchmarking and Building Performance Standards	Commercial & multifamily ≥ 35k ft²
Massachusetts	Benchmarking & Disclosure	Commercial & multifamily ≥ 20 ft²
Montgomery County, MD*	Building Performance Standards	Commercial & multifamily ≥ 25k ft²

*Jurisdiction has an existing Benchmarking & Disclosure requirement.

The Federal Building Performance Standard

On December 7, 2022, the White House announced the first-ever Federal Building Performance Standard (BPS). The Federal BPS requires agencies to achieve zero Scope 1 on-site fossil fuel emissions in 30 percent of their buildings (by square footage) by fiscal year 2030. This is known as the performance pathway.

Agencies can also comply through the prescriptive pathway by upgrading system-specific equipment for space heating and water heating, and by ensuring that all cooling, cooking, backup generators used for non-emergency services (e.g., demand response), and laundry loads are all-electric. This rule excludes any on-site fossil fuel emissions from mission-critical activities or process loads for which no practicable electrification strategy exists. Agencies will be required to report annually. Learn more here.

Expansion of the National Building Performance Standard Coalition

Launched by the White House in January 2021, the National Building Performance Standards Coalition comprises a nationwide group of state and local governments that have committed to design and implement inclusive building performance policies and programs in their jurisdictions, with the goal of advancing legislation and/or regulation by Earth Day, 2024.

In 2022, several state and local governments joined the Coalition, including the State of California. These new additions bring the number of coalition members to 38. View the full list at the National Building Performance Standards Coalition website.

How EPA Works With State and Local Governments

EPA provides guidance and tools to help state and local governments develop effective, consistent policies that reflect the business realities faced by building owners. Here are a few of the ways we’ve done that recently:

Thumbnail of first page of EPA Statement on the Use of Net Energy Metrics

EPA Recommends Against Use of Net Energy Metrics. We added a new statement on net energy metrics to our formal recommendations on metric selection and normalization methods for building performance standards. The new statement recommends against the use of net energy metrics in BPS, maintaining that energy metrics should include all energy used to operate the building—including renewable energy generated onsite—in order to accurately reflect the overall efficiency of the building when assessing performance.
EPA is Working to Support Better Policies. We started a new series of regular quarterly calls with organizations that directly support the design and implementation of building performance standards. The goal of the series is to facilitate dialogue—aimed at better policy and greater consistency where possible.
EPA is Working to Improve Data Access. We recently published a summary of best practices for utilities on delivering the aggregated whole-building energy data needed for benchmarking.

Learn more about how EPA’s resources support effective building performance policies.

Policy Brief: June 2022

In this first issue, we’re providing background and highlighting recently passed building performance policies affecting existing U.S. commercial and multifamily buildings, as well as describing how EPA works with state and local governments on policy design and implementation.

Building Performance Policy: A Short History

Map of US showing areas with existing building policies Since California and Washington, D.C. enacted the nation’s first benchmarking and disclosure laws back in 2007-2008, more than 40 jurisdictions have followed suit. So far, every one of these laws uses EPA’s ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager^® as the compliance mechanism.

More recent laws include building performance standards (BPS), which require buildings to reach prescribed levels of energy performance or GHG emissions by specific deadlines.

Go Deeper: What Are Building Performance Standards?

Thanks to 30 years of experience working with building owners and managers—and because we manage the tool on which all these laws depend—EPA is able to help local and state governments minimize complexity and inconsistency in their BPS laws. This, in turn, reduces burden on building owners and managers so they can focus on improving building performance and reducing GHG emissions.

Recent Building Performance Policies

Now that we’ve caught you up on the history, here’s a summary of jurisdictions that have passed building performance policies in the past 18 months:

Jurisdiction	Policy Type	Coverage at Full Maturity
Ann Arbor, MI	Benchmarking & Disclosure	Commercial & multifamily ≥ 20k ft²
Aspen, CO	Benchmarking & Disclosure and BPS	Commercial ≥ 5k ft2, multifamily ≥ 15k ft2
Bloomington, MN	Benchmarking & Disclosure	Commercial & multifamily ≥ 75k ft²
Boston, MA*	BPS	Commercial & multifamily ≥ 20k ft²
Chula Vista, CA	Benchmarking & Disclosure and BPS	Commercial & multifamily ≥ 20k ft²
Colorado	Benchmarking & Disclosure and BPS	Commercial & multifamily ≥ 50k ft²
Denver, CO*	BPS	Commercial & multifamily ≥ 25k ft²
Indianapolis, IN	Benchmarking & Disclosure	Commercial & multifamily ≥ 50k ft²
Maryland	Benchmarking and BPS	Commercial & multifamily ≥ 35k ft²
Miami, FL	Benchmarking & Disclosure and Mandatory Retuning	Commercial & multifamily ≥ 20k ft²
Montgomery County, MD*	BPS	Commercial & multifamily ≥ 25k ft²

*Jurisdiction has an existing Benchmarking & Disclosure requirement.

BPS in Action: Denver’s Building Performance Policy

Denver is one of the latest jurisdictions to pass a BPS. The law includes three sections:

Benchmarking (buildings > 25k ft²)
Performance standards (buildings > 5k ft²)
- Requires existing buildings to meet specific energy use standards by 2030, with interim targets in 2024 and 2027. The standards differ by building type, with final performance standards of 48.3 kBtu/ft² for offices and 44.2 kBtu/ft² for multifamily housing, measured in weather-normalized site energy use intensity (EUI). Existing buildings between 5,000 and 24,999 ft² that can’t meet this target have prescriptive requirements focused on LED lighting, installing solar panels, or purchasing offsite solar.
Electrification at time of equipment replacement (applies to all buildings)
- Requires buildings to electrify space heating and water heating at the time of equipment replacement when an electric solution is near cost parity with a like-for-like gas system. Phases in between 2023 and 2027.

For more information, visit Energize Denver.

How EPA Works With State and Local Governments

We published a formal recommendation that state and local BPS use Site Energy Use Intensity (EUI) as their primary metric, and that Site EUI be normalized where appropriate to reflect differences in business activity. For BPS encouraging electrification, we recommend using a secondary direct emissions metric or the use of a fossil fuel phaseout schedule. The recommendations were developed after extensive analysis and input from dozens of policymakers, building owners, and other stakeholders.
We developed sample language that state and local governments can use to require their utilities to provide aggregated data to building owners to facilitate benchmarking and BPS compliance (five jurisdictions—California, Washington, Colorado, Maryland, and the District of Columbia—have already done so). State-level requirements can provide clear direction to utilities to ensure that the right data is delivered at the right interval to the right buildings, while offering a way for utilities to recover related costs.

Learn more about how EPA’s resources support effective building performance policies.